ABSTRACT
In order to figure out the status and distribution of the wild and cultivated resources of traditional Chinese medicine Daphnes Cortex, its suitable habitat and endangering factors were analyzed to provide the basis for its rational use, protection and cultivation.Our research group tooka resources survey in Shanxi, Gansu, Sichuan and Qinghai provinces, which include 23 counties. Investigation and sampling investigation combined with interview were carried out. The total reserve of resources was estimated through route-quadrat method in combination with the vegetation and soil-type map area method. The results indicated that there was no obvious change between the present distribution ranges of the wild Daphnes Cortex and its historical records, but the density of the population has undergone major changes. The wild reserves resources has declined seriously, even on the verge of exhaustion in some regions. According to the survey results, the current total reserve of the wild Daphnes Cortex in the four provinces was no more than 600 tons. Simultaneously, we only found the cultivated resource in a mountain at an altitude of about 2 800 m in Kang county of Gansu province, which cropping scope was about 33 000 m². The cultivated resource can't provide medicinal products at present, because their growing period is too short to have curative effect. Destructive excavation and the longer growth cycle result in a sharp decline of the wild resources reserves, even to the point of extinction. Artificial cultivation of product will become the main source of medicinal resources in the future. Therefore, we must protect its suitable habitat, formulate rational harvesting policy, strengthen the supervision of government departments, collect and establish the germplasm nursery and seed bank. On the basis, we must carry out studies into seed-selecting and breeding as well as rapid propagation and growth technology at once.
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<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To look for the active fraction of ethanol extract of Genkwa Flos (EGF) induced hepatotoxicity and develop an UPLC fingerprint of the active fraction.</p><p><b>METHOD</b>Target fraction of EGF induced hepatotoxicity was guided by the serum biochemical and histopathology methods. The UPLC method was applied to establish the chromatographic fingerprint. The separation was achieved on a BEH C18 column (2.1 mm x 50 mm, 1.7 microm) with a mobile phase consisting of acetonitrile and water containing 0.05% phosphate acid running gradient elution. The detection was carried out at 210 nm and the analysis was finished within 10 min.</p><p><b>RESULT</b>The chloroform phase of EGF could be responsible for the hepatotoxicity of this herb. The common mode of the UPLC fingerprint was set up under the established condition. There were 17 common peaks in fourteen batches of herbs, eight of which were identified, and the similar degrees of the fourteen batches to the common mode were between 0.890-0.999.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>It is easy to locate the chloroform extraction of EGF with hepatotoxicity. And the UPLC fingerprint was developed for the above fraction, which could provide valuable references for safe and effective clinical use of EGF.</p>
Subject(s)
Animals , Humans , Male , Rats , Asteraceae , Chemistry , Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid , Drugs, Chinese Herbal , Toxicity , Flowers , Chemistry , Liver , Rats, WistarABSTRACT
Objective To investigate the geographical distribution and host selection of Leptotrombidium rubellum among different small mammal hosts in some areas of Yunnan province,China.Methods Field survey was carried out in 23 counties of Yunnan province between 2001 and 2011.Small mammal hosts were captured with mouse cages and traps with baits.Chigger mites on the surface of two auricles were scraped off by a bistoury,and then preserved in 70％ ethanol.Every specimen of the chigger mites on the slides was finally identified into species under a microscope.Some conventional statistical methods were adopted to calculate all the collected chigger mite species and the constituent ratios of L,.rubellum in different areas and on different hosts,with prevalence (P),mean intensity (MI) and mean abundance (MA) on different hosts calculated.Linear regression was used to analyze the relationship among P,MI and MA.Patch index (m*/m) was used to measure the spatial patterns of L.rubellum among different individuals of related small mammal hosts.Results A total of 108 480 chigger mites were collected from the body surface of all the captured small mammal hosts.All the collected chigger mites were identified as 3 subfamilies,24 genera and 234 species.Of the 234 species of chigger mites,654 individuals of L.rubellum were collected,only in 4 counties.The collected individuals of L.rubellum accounted for 0.603％ of the total mites (108 480 individuals).96.637％ of L.rubellum came from flatland areas and habitats while only 3.363％ of the L.rubellum were from the mountainous regions.The orderings of the hosts appeared as Rodentia and Insectivora harbored 96.296％ and 2.469％ respectively,of the collected while Lagomorpha and other orders there was no L rubellum found.Of 67 species (in 34 genera and 12 families of 5 orders),Rattus tanezumi (in genus Rattus and family Muridae of Rodentia)harbored 96.788％ of the collected L.rubellum with relatively low prevalence (P=3.776％) or mean intensity (MI=8.792 mites/per host),followed by Bandicota indica.Data from the patch index showed that L rubellum had an aggregated distribution pattern among different individuals of their hosts.Conclusion L.rubellum existed in Yunnan province with relatively rare numbers of the individuals.In Yunnan province,L.rubellum was mainly found in the flatland regions and habitats with relatively low altitude.L.rubellum could parasitize several different species of hosts with low host specificity,but it prefered to choose Rattus tanezumi and some other house-dwelling small mammals as its main hosts.
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An HPLC method for the determination of 18alpha-glycyrrhetinic acid and 18beta-glycyrrhetinic acid in rat plasma was established, which was used subsequently to determine the pharmacokinetic profiles of both epimers of glycyrrhetinic acid in rats. alpha-glycyrrhetinic acid, beta-glycyrrhetinic acid, and a mixture of alpha-glycyrrhetinic and beta-glycyrrhetinic acids were administered to rats via gastric infusion. Blood samples were collected at different time intervals and extracted by liquid-liquid extraction. Separation was achieved by using a Kromasil C18 column (150 mm x 4.6 mm, 5 microm) with the mobile phase composed of acetonitrile--4 mmol x L(-1) ammonium acetate solution (46 : 54, v/v) at a flow rate of 1.0 mL x min(-1), and the detection wavelength was set at 250 nm. The pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated using the software DAS 2.0. In a combined administration, the main pharmacokinetic parameters of beta-glycyrrhetinic acid are significantly different from that of alpha-glycyrrhetinic acid (P < 0.05), while no significant difference was obtained when administrated individually. Compared to the single administration, significant differences (P < 0.05) on the values of AUC(0-t) and AUC(0-infinity) of beta-glycyrrhetinic acid were observed when this chemical was administrated together with alpha-glycyrrhetinic acid. In contrast, the pharmacokinetic parameters of alpha-glycyrrhetinic acid were not affected even under the co-administration. Here, a sensitive, specific, rapid and reproducible HPLC method was developed for the pharmacokinetic studies of alpha-glycyrrhetinic acid and beta-glycyrrhetinic acid in rat plasma.